Recentralisation (GAFAM)

“The web is already decentralized,” Mr. Berners-Lee said. “The problem is the dominance of one search engine, one big social network, one Twitter for microblogging. We don't have a technology problem, we have a social problem.” (Hardy, 2016)

Hardy Quentin. 2016. The Web's creator looks to reinvent it. in The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2016/06/08/technology/the-webs-creator-looks-to-reinvent-it.html.

Trafic sur le Web (monde, 2015)

Web relief (map of the 50 top websites according to Alexa, 2015)Informations[1]

Liens sur le Web (monde, 2018)

Web cartography (top 500, 2018)Informations[2]

Trafic Internet (monde, 2022)

Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple, Amazon & Netflix : 57% of Internet traffic (Sandvine, 2022)

Trafic Internet (France, 2022)

Decomposition of traffic in France (Arcep, 2022)

Sites web les plus visités (monde, 2023)

Most Visited Websites In The World (Similarweb, 2023)

Utilisateurs des médias sociaux (monde, 2023)

Number of active users by social media in millions (Statista, 2023)

Infrastructure des GAFAM (2024)

Number of submarine telecommunications cable projects in which the tech giants are involved (2024)Informations[3]

Capital des GAFAM (2008-2021)

GAFAM income in billions of dollars between 2008 and 2018Informations[4]
GAFAM capital (2010, 2020 and 2021)Informations[5]

Complément

A Research-Oriented Top Sites Ranking Hardened Against Manipulation